ИРГЭНИЙ ҮҮРГИЙН ОНОЛЫН ФИЛОСОФИ, ЭРХ  ЗҮЙН ҮНДЭС: АНГИЛАЛ, ЧИГ ХАНДЛАГА, THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND LEGAL FOUNDATIONS OF CIVIC DUTIES: CLASSIFICATION AND CONTEMPORARY TRENDS

<jats:p>The development of modern constitutional law has primarily focused on guaranteeing and institutionalizing human and civil rights. Throughout the evolution of international human rights standards and national constitutions, the scope of rights protection has expanded considerably, and legal mechanisms designed to protect individuals from excessive state interference have become increasingly sophisticated. However, this process has also contributed to the relative neglect of the concept of civic duties and their legal and institutional status. As a result, scholars have increasingly pointed to the emergence of an imbalance between rights and duties within contemporary societies. From a theoretical perspective, rights and duties are inherently interdependent and inseparable. In practice, however, the prevailing tendency has been to expand the scope of rights while limiting or overlooking civic obligations. Such an approach may create an imbalance of responsibility in the relationship between the state and citizens, potentially undermining the foundations of constitutional governance and social cohesion. Civic duties should not be understood as the antithesis of rights; rather, they constitute an essential element that conditions, supports, and guarantees the effective realization of rights. Duties provide the normative and institutional framework within which rights can be exercised and protected. Consequently, the study of civic duties from theoretical, legal, and practical perspectives is of particular importance for ensuring social stability, the effective implementation of the rule of law, and the sustainability of democratic governance. A comprehensive understanding of civic duties therefore contributes not only to constitutional theory but also to the strengthening of responsible citizenship and the preservation of a balanced relationship between rights and obligations in a democratic society.</jats:p>