Hydropeaking intensity alters riparian seed bank composition and self-restoration potential

<jats:p>Flow regulation for hydropower production affects stream ecosystems through decreased connectivity and changed timing and magnitude of flows. Hydropeaking, a form of regulation in which infrequent large peak flows are replaced with frequent small peaks, increases riparian erosion and causes water and drought stress for riparian vegetation. Hydropeaking is likely to affect soil seed bank (SSB) formation and composition, while SSBs are important sources of self-restoration should a systems flow regulation be relaxed. We tested how hydropeaking intensity affects the size and composition of SSBs, including the functionally important group of large graminoids, and by calculating Ellenberg values for Moisture, Light and Soil disturbance. SSB samples were taken at 15 riparian zones across central and northern Sweden. Each site was regulated, but sites differed in their hydropeaking intensities. SSBs were subjected to a seedling emergence experiment, from which over 700 seedlings from 53 taxa emerged. We found that hydropeaking intensity affects the composition of soil seed banks on multiple levels. Seedling density was negatively correlated with hydropeaking intensity at the sites where samples were taken. SSB richness varied (two to eighteen species per site) and was not affected by hydropeaking intensity. The proportion of large graminoids in the seed bank showed a near-significant decrease with increasing hydropeaking intensity, and community-weighted means for Moisture, Light and Soil disturbance increased (non-significantly) with increasing intensity. Our results suggest that riparian SSBs, should flow regulation be relaxed or ceased, are not sufficient for self-restoration of functional riparian vegetation. Seeds of large graminoids and species that are tolerant to drought in the germination stage are less present in riparian SSBs of heavily-regulated streams. Supply of seeds of these groups, or even planting, may need to be considered when changes in flow management are implemented.</jats:p>