Abstract
<jats:p>Foundation models for chest X-ray interpretation make it possible to adapt specialised visual representations with relatively small trainable modules. We report a retrospective study of Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) of Rad-DINO Vision Transformer Base with 14x14 patches (ViT-B/14) for 14-class multi-label classification on the National Institutes of Health (NIH) ChestX-ray14 dataset. The official test labels were accessed during earlier model development and configuration comparisons; consequently, every official-test result in this manuscript is explicitly descriptive and non-confirmatory. We used a patient-disjoint 90/10 split of the official trainval pool (77,988 training and 8,536 validation images) and retained the released 25,596-image test partition. The historically selected all-linear LoRA configuration with safe augmentation and g=37 produced a descriptive test macro AUROC of 0.8462 versus the frozen baseline of 0.8295. Comparisons of target modules, patch-token grids, and a Rad-DINO-specific local query head are reported as retrospective comparisons rather than unbiased model-selection evidence. A confident-learning diagnostic flagged 17,653 of 86,524 trainval images (20.4%); this is a model-based flag rate, not a ground-truth label-error rate. A separate counterfactual relabeling sensitivity analysis, which uses the same model to identify and rescore disagreements, changed the descriptive AUROC to approximately 0.9445 after 6,509 policy-defined flips. This value is not achieved model performance and is not a radiologist-audited label-quality ceiling. We provide a validation-only threshold and artifact protocol for future locked evaluation, but a genuinely untouched holdout and new locked selection are required for a confirmatory headline. The existing Zenodo record contains the 25 publication figures only.</jats:p>