Abstract
<jats:p>Cognitive maps organize experience into structured internal models that support goal–directed behavior. Although map formation has been extensively studied in the human hippocampus, the neural mechanisms supporting flexible updating of established maps remain unclear. We used fMRI to track the formation and updating of a spatial cognitive map across three days. Participants learned object–location associations and later updated them by remapping objects among fixed locations. Representational similarity analysis revealed two concurrent signatures in the right hippocampus: prior relational structure remained differentiated, whereas updated associations became integrated. Map updating engaged a frontoparietal network and modulated hippocampal–cortical connectivity. Critically, hippocampal–midcingulate connectivity was associated with the integration of updated associations, but not with the differentiation of prior relational structure. These results suggest that cognitive map updating involves coordinated hippocampal–cortical interactions that incorporate new information while preserving prior relational structure, reflecting a balance of stability and plasticity in internal models.</jats:p>