Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Insomnia: A Practical Guide

<jats:p>Describe the diagnostic criteria for chronic insomnia disorder and apply the Insomnia Severity Index to screen patients and monitor treatment response. Compare the efficacy, dosing, and safety profiles of FDA-approved and off-label agents for insomnia, including dual orexin receptor antagonists, Z-drugs, benzodiazepines, melatonin agonists, and sedating antidepressants. Select appropriate pharmacotherapy for insomnia in special populations, including pregnancy, older adults, patients receiving opioids or with comorbid substance use disorder, and patients requiring long-term treatment.</jats:p>