Abstract
<jats:p>The history of artificial intelligence (AI) is closely linked to the development of computing technology and the search for formal methods to model human reasoning. Initial ideas of "thinking machines" were proposed in the early 20th century by mathematicians and logicians. However, the official birth of AI as a scientific field is traced back to the 1956 Dartmouth Conference, where the term "artificial intelligence" was introduced. This paper explores the major stages of AI development from early theoretical contributions, including Alan Turing’s seminal work, through the "golden age" of the 1960s–1970s and the subsequent decline due to technological limitations. Special focus is placed on the rise of expert systems and symbolic AI in the 1980s, which, despite practical applications, faced challenges in knowledge base maintenance and scalability. The review outlines the evolution of AI as a scientific discipline marked by high expectations, setbacks, and achievements</jats:p>