APPLICATION OF 1,3-BINUCLEOPHILES IN THE MULTICOMPONENT SYNTHESIS OF FUNCTIONALIZED PYRROLES, IMIDAZOLES, AND THIAZOLES

<jats:p>1,3-Binucleophiles including 1,3-C, N-, 1,3-N, N-, and 1,3-S, N-types serve as efficient building blocks for the synthesis of functionalized pyrroles, imidazoles, and thiazoles. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) employing these 1,3-binucleophiles offer sustainable, atom-economical routes to complex heterocyclic scaffolds with broad medicinal and agricultural relevance. This chapter discusses the underlying principles, mechanistic insights, and representative examples illustrating how the unique reactivity of 1,3-binucleophiles enables the rapid and efficient assembly of structurally diverse heterocycles.</jats:p>