Abstract
<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles are natural means of intercellular communication, transferring their molecular cargo to exert biological effects. Mesenchymal stem cells release vesicles that have been shown to alleviate inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrotic developments, as well as exhibit anti-apoptotic properties, thereby implicating their use in regenerative medicine. The production of sufficient quantities of well-defined and standardized batches of stem cell vesicles with reproducible effectiveness is a technological challenge, which has recently been addressed through novel approaches in bioengineering and process technology. This chapter provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art in the production of stem cell vesicle therapeutics, paving the way toward efficient and safe applications in the clinic.</jats:p>