Abstract
<jats:p>The environmental and social health issue of arsenic has been one of the most important environmental and health problems in the world, especially in areas that rely on groundwater to satisfy domestic needs. Severe toxicological and carcinogenic effects may occur even at trace levels of arsenic, which explains the urgent need for effective and sustainable remediation measures. The chapter is a general summary of significant technologies that have been invented to treat arsenic in water and soil. The primary focus is on the underlying processes, operating efficiencies, and inherent limitations of the traditional and novel treatment operations. Conservative physicochemical methods, including adsorption, coagulation-flocculation, ion exchange, membrane separation, and electrochemical treatment, are very reliable but are constrained due to their high operational costs, selectivity, as well as secondary waste management. Alternatively, greener and more sustainable options, such as biological processes like microbial transformation, biosorption, and phytoremediation, have been proposed, but their large-scale application is frequently hindered by sluggish kinetics and environmental sensitivity. The latest development trends in research are the hybrid and advanced systems, incorporating the theory of nanostructured materials, catalytic composites, and green chemistry to increase the efficiency of removal while reducing energy consumption and secondary pollution. The chapter finishes with a critical comparison of current and new approaches, as well as future outlooks, emphasizing the necessity of low-cost sorbents, process intensification, and intelligent sensors to detect and control arsenic in real time in complex environmental matrices.</jats:p>