Do notifications cause errors? The impact of hover effect and notifications on attention, Вызывают ли уведомления ошибки? Влияние эффекта наведения и уведомлений на внимание

<jats:p>Introduction / Problem. Despite the widespread use of websites and notifications, few studies have examined whether distraction caused by notifications can lead to attentional errors. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated this issue while taking other website characteristics into account. Objective. The present study aimed to clarify whether attentional errors may arise from distraction by notifications while varying website hover effects, that is, perceptual feedback from interactive elements, and notification characteristics, including animation and content, in tasks assessing sustained attention and attentional shifting. Methods. Five experiments were conducted: Experiments 1–3 focused on sustained attention, whereas Experiments 4–5 examined attentional shifting. A modified Bourdon test was used as the primary task. Results. Accuracy in the sustained attention task was higher when hover effects were present, even when notifications appeared. However, this effect disappeared when notifications included content. Moreover, in the hover-effect condition, performance on the sustained attention task was associated with an increased number of errors after notifications were closed. For attentional shifting, no performance advantage was found in the hover-effect condition, nor was there an increase in errors after notifications appeared. In both tasks, notifications were detected more quickly when hover effects were present, suggesting a facilitative effect on selective attention. Conclusions. The findings indicate that notifications do not inevitably lead to errors. Such errors appear to arise only under a combination of conditions: high cognitive load and the presence of hover effects on a website.</jats:p>