Automatic Estimation of Building Construction Year and Height from Earth Observation Data for Urban Risk Assessment

<jats:p>Abstract. Reliable urban risk assessment requires accurate and up-to-date information on building characteristics, particularly construction year and height, which are often incomplete or unavailable in existing databases. This study presents a cloud-based methodology for the automatic estimation of these parameters using multispectral and very high-resolution Earth Observation (EO) data. The proposed approach integrates temporal analysis of multispectral satellite imagery (Sentinel-2 and Landsat) with photogrammetric processing of very high-resolution stereo imagery (Pléiades). Building construction year is estimated by detecting temporal changes in spectral indices using spline-based modeling and discrete-difference analysis, achieving an accuracy of better than ±3 years. Building height is derived from digital surface models generated from satellite stereo imagery, with a mean accuracy of less than 2 m relative to LiDAR reference data (~1.40 m). The methodology was implemented in a cloud computing environment (Google Earth Engine and Google Colab) and tested in the City of Zagreb, Croatia. Validation results show robust performance, with an F1-score of 0.819 for construction year estimation and strong agreement between EO-derived and LiDAR-based height values. The results demonstrate the potential of EO-based methods for scalable, reliable extraction of building information, thereby supporting improved urban risk assessment and decision-making.</jats:p>