Formation Features of Borrowed, Calqued, and Hybrid Terms in Uzbek Chemical Terminology, Особенности формирования заимствованных, калькированных и гибридных терминов в узбекской химической терминологии, O‘zbek kimyo terminologiyasida o‘zlashma, kalka va gibrid terminlarning shakllanish xususiyatlari

<jats:p>This article examines the formation of borrowed, calqued, and hybrid terms in Uzbek chemical terminology. Chemical terminology is an essential component of the language of science and develops through the interaction of international scientific practice, the internal word-formation resources of the Uzbek language, and terminological units borrowed from other languages. The study focuses on the adaptation of chemical nomenclature to Uzbek linguistic norms, the assimilation of Russian-international terms, the creation of terms through calquing, and the emergence of hybrid terms based on international term elements. The analysis discusses borrowed units such as atom, element, proton, neutron, isotope, electrolysis, and catalyst; calqued naming patterns such as sodium sulfide, calcium sulfate, and potassium-sodium sulfate; and term elements such as hydro-, micro-, macro-, infra-, ultra-, iso-, and cryo-. The findings indicate that Uzbek chemical terminology is being refined through a balance between international scientific conventions and the grammatical, lexical, and word-formation norms of the national language.</jats:p>