Abstract
<jats:p>This article explores the development of an alternative approach to the typology of market structures in the context of modern economic transformation. The relevance of this research lies in the fact that traditional market classifications, based primarily on the number of firms, the level of concentration, and barriers to entry, largely reflected the industrial economy of the 20th century but insufficiently explain contemporary forms of market organization. The author notes that the proliferation of digital platforms, network effects, global value chains, algorithmic pricing, and interfirm alliances requires a reconsideration of classical concepts of competition and industry structure. The scientific novelty of this work lies in its shift from a linear model of market structures to a multidimensional analysis that considers not only concentration but also the nature of firms' strategic behavior and the depth of their organizational interactions. The article utilizes methods of comparative analysis, a systems approach, and elements of new institutional economics and industrial market theory. The classical typology of perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly is compared with modern hybrid forms of market organization. A three-dimensional classification model is substantiated, including a market structure axis, a firm behavior axis (rivalry, co-competition, cooperation), and an integration axis (from autonomy to platforms and joint ventures). Particular attention is paid to the concept of "flourishing complexity", which allows for the interpretation of the modern diversity of market structures as a transition from a unified globalization model to a more complex and multipolar system of economic relations. The results demonstrate that modern markets form a multitude of intermediate and hybrid states that are not described by the traditional four-tiered model. It is concluded that competition in the 21st century manifests itself not only as rivalry but also as cooperation, joint value creation, and participation in platform ecosystems. The theoretical significance of the study lies in expanding scientific understanding of the nature of market structures and competitive mechanisms. Its practical significance lies in the potential application of the proposed typology in industry analysis, antitrust policy development, strategic management, and assessment of the competitive environment of the digital economy.</jats:p>