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Abstract

<jats:p>В статье рассматривается проблема определения падающего теплового потока при пожарах крупномасштабных проливов горючих жидкостей. Проведено сравнительное исследование результатов, полученных по методике определения расчетных величин пожарного риска на производственных объектах (приказ МЧС России от 26.06.2024 г. № 533), и с помощью верифицированного CFD-моделирования в программном комплексе Fire Dynamics Simulator. Установлено, что методика, основанная на модели вертикального цилиндрического факела, систематически завышает расчетные расстояния до объектов воздействия в 1,1–3,6 раза. Основная причина расхождений – несоответствие идеализированной цилиндрической геометрии факела реальной конической форме с загнутым контуром, наблюдаемой в экспериментах и моделировании. Решающий вклад в тепловое воздействие на близлежащие объекты вносит периферийный «борт» пламени высотой 5–15 м, а не полная расчетная высота факела (до 200 м). Корректировка методики путем подстановки эффективной высоты «борта» пламени значительно улучшает сходимость результатов с данными Fire Dynamics Simulator.</jats:p> <jats:p>The accurate estimation of incident heat flux during large-scale oil product spills is critical for establishing safe separation distances and ensuring effective firefighting operations. This study compares the results obtained from the Russian regulatory methodology (Order of EMERCOM of Russia No. 533), which employs a vertical cylindrical flame model, with those from verified CFD simulations performed with Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The aim is to quantify the discrepancies and propose a physically based correction. Numerical simulations were conducted for three liquids (ethanol, nonane, gasoline) and three spill areas (1000, 10 000 and 100 000 m2) under calm conditions. The computational grid resolution satisfied the D*/δx criterion recommended in the FDS validation guide (values 6–8.8). The simulations were additionally verified against experimental data for bund fires. The regulatory method overestimates the distances to the threshold heat flux values by factors ranging from 1.1 to 3.6. The largest overestimation (3.1–3.6) occurs for the lowest threshold (1.4 kW/m2). The discrepancy stems from the idealised cylindrical geometry: for large spills the calculated flame height can exceed 200 m, while FDS reveals a conical flame with a curved contour. The thermal impact on nearby objects is dominated by radiation from the peripheral «rim» of the flame, which attains a height of only 5–15 m, rather than from the entire lateral surface. A modified calculation was performed substituting the full flame height with the effective rim height obtained from FDS. The resulting distances agreed much better with the CFD data (overestimation factors reduced to 0.9–1.6). In a few cases the corrected method slightly underestimated the distance (down to 0,9), which is acceptable for engineering practice. The study demonstrates that the cylindrical flame model is inadequate for large pool fires and that the use of an effective rim height significantly improves accuracy. The findings support updating regulatory guidelines to account for the real flame geometry. Future work will address non circular spills (e.g., elongated shapes from pipeline ruptures) and the influence of wind.</jats:p>

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from flame height на fire

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