Abstract
<jats:p>This article examines the strategic role of microbiology in human life in the modern era. The application of methods such as PCR, next-generation sequencing (NGS) and CRISPR-Cas in medical diagnostics, genetic engineering and biotechnology is analyzed. The functions of the microbiome in the immune system, metabolic processes and neuro-immune interactions are emphasized. It is noted that, its imbalance can result in metabolic syndromes, autoimmune diseases and neuropsychological disorders. Nitrogen fixation and biological pest control methods in agriculture serve to increase productivity and reduce chemical effects. Microbiological approaches in food safety allow for the detection of pathogens, extension of the shelf life of food products and protection of consumer health. In the ecological context, the use of microorganisms in bioremediation processes – in the decomposition of plastics and heavy metals and oil spills, strengthens the resilience of ecosystems. As a result of the development of biotechnology, the production of antibiotics, vaccines, biofuels and bioplastics further increases the applied power of microbiology. Thus, microbiology is not limited only to the study and treatment of diseases, but is also presented as a multidisciplinary field of science that, directly serves the health goals, food security, environmental sustainability and technological development of modern society.</jats:p>