Genotoxic effects of gamma radiation on Allium cepa root cells at different doses

<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytogenetic effects of gamma radiation on meristematic cells of Allium cepa roots by analyzing chromosomal aberrations induced by different radiation doses. Six experimental groups were examined: one control group and five groups exposed to gamma radiation doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Gy. Irradiation was performed using a Linear Accelerator Siemens Primus 5472. At the 10 Gy dose, only a slight reduction in the mitotic index was observed compared to the control. In contrast, exposure to 40 and 50 Gy resulted in a pronounced and statistically significant decrease in mitotic activity (p ≤ 0.001), indicating strong inhibition of cell division. Various chromosomal aberrations, including anaphase bridges, micronuclei, and laggard chromosomes, were detected in irradiated samples, with their frequency increasing markedly at doses between 30 and 50 Gy (p ≤ 0.001). Overall, the results demonstrate that gamma radiation induces clear cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in Allium cepa root cells in a dose-dependent manner. The highest doses, particularly 40 and 50 Gy, produced the most severe effects, characterized by reduced mitotic activity and increased chromosomal damage.</jats:p>