Abstract
<jats:p>The paper is devoted to the development and analysis of a two-echelon transportation logistics model focused on planning problems in the forest industry while explicitly accounting for the real spatial structure of the transportation network. The transportation system is represented as a graph G that includes a depot I_0, intermediate distribution hubs I_H, final consumers I_C, and transshipment nodes I_T that reflect infrastructure elements and ensure network connectivity. This representation makes it possible to abandon aggregated distance measures and explicitly capture the impact of network topology on route formation. The logistics process is formalized as an integrated two-echelon problem in which the first echelon is responsible for trunk transportation from the depot to the system of hubs, while the second echelon handles the distribution of goods from hubs to consumers subject to demand satisfaction and vehicle capacity constraints. A key feature of the proposed model is the joint optimization of decisions at both echelons within a single objective function, which allows their mutual interactions to be taken into account consistently. The model is validated using a transportation network constructed on the basis of the spatial configuration of Primorsky Krai, a region characterized by a developed forest industry and a complex transportation infrastructure. The results of computational experiments demonstrate the correctness of the proposed formulation, the stability of the obtained solutions, and their interpretability under conditions of limited transportation resources. The proposed approach can be used as an analytical and decision-support tool for transportation logistics planning in the forest industry and related sectors.</jats:p>