GEOGRAPHICAL AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS OF KYRGYZSTAN

<jats:p>This article examines the geographical and ecological consequences of climate change for the mountain ecosystems of the Kyrgyz Republic, where over 90% of the territory is occupied by the high-altitude landscapes of the Tien Shan and Pamir-Alai systems. The study of this topic is important due to the high vulnerability of mountain ecosystems to changes in temperature andprecipitation, as well as the importance of the Kyrgyz mountains in providing water resources to the Central Asian region. The paper examines in detail current climatic trends, including a steady increase in the annual average temperature, changes in the seasonal distribution of precipitation and an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. Special attention is paid to such processes as glacier degradation, changes in the hydrological regime of rivers, the formation of glacial lakes and the growing threats of natural disasters (mudflows, landslides, avalanches). It has been established that the reduction of glaciers has a negative impact on the region's water security, agriculture, hydropower, and the state of natural ecosystems. From an ecological point of view, the impact of climate change on the altitudinal distribution of plants and animals, the transformation of species diversity, the reduction of endemic species ranges and the deterioration of pasture conditions is analyzed. It is noted that these changes significantly disrupt the natural balance and increase anthropogenic impact on ecosystems. The study is based on a comprehensive geographical approach using climatic, landscape and environmental data. In conclusion, the need to expand monitoring of the state of mountain ecosystems, develop strategies for adaptation to climate change and integrate the principles of sustainable environmental management is emphasized. The results obtained can be useful in shaping state environmental policy and developing adaptation programs in mountainous regions of Kyrgyzstan.</jats:p>