Abstract
<p>The field of interoception research is currently working towards an understanding of how brain-body states determine human perception, cognition, and behaviour. Recent studies suggest that transient dynamics of arousal neuromodulation and cortical excitability are of particular interest. In this Perspective Article, we succinctly review the current evidence for cardio-respiratory modulation of arousal and excitability states in the human brain. We outline the systematic relationships of both cardiac and respiratory rhythms to non-invasive readouts such as changes in pupil diameter as well as (a)periodic neural signatures of excitability. Integrating these single-domain findings, we suggest a path towards a multi-organ perspective of brain-body neuroscience.</p>