Designing decision-centric early warning systems for climate tipping points: the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre as a test case

<jats:p>Early warning systems (EWS) for climate tipping point must support decisions to be useful. Using the potential near-term Subpolar Gyre tipping point as a test case, we develop a pre-elicitation framework linking Earth System science with decision-making. We show that no single EWS can meet diverse decision needs. Instead, the framework identifies shared decision architectures and information requirements, enabling scalable stakeholder co-design without bespoke systems for every user.</jats:p>