A Path Fitting Accuracy Improvement and Evaluation Method Based on Minimum Toll and Multi-dimensional Anomaly Detection Engine

<title>Abstract</title> <p>Aiming at the problems of inaccurate path fitting and “same road, different tolls” caused by missing or abnormal gantry data in expressway network tolling, this paper proposes an innovative two-stage path fitting framework. The first stage (baseline fitting) rapidly generates spatiotemporally reasonable paths based on the whole-network topology. The second stage (optimized fitting) deeply integrates the business principle of “minimum toll” with a parallelized multi-dimensional anomaly detection engine, which systematically defines six types of real-world anomalies and provides their mathematical detection models. In addition, this paper is the first to propose a dual-indicator quality evaluation model, providing a quantitative basis for the reliability of fitting results. Experiments based on real transaction data show that, compared with traditional shortest-path fitting and baseline methods, the proposed framework improves path fitting accuracy by approximately 2.1% and reduces the billing deviation rate by nearly 70%. The confidence indicator exhibits a strong negative correlation with actual fitting error (Pearson coefficient = -0.87), verifying the effectiveness of the evaluation model. Finally, case scenarios demonstrate the practical application of the two-stage framework and evaluation model. This work provides a reliable theoretical and practical solution for realizing accurate and fair expressway network tolling.</p>