Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>When two-phase interleaved bidirectional direct current converters in vehicle-to-grid on-board chargers face time-varying disturbances, traditional linear active disturbance rejection control encounters limitations in balancing high-frequency noise amplification and steady-state tracking errors. To address this, an improved controller utilizing a cascaded extended state observer is proposed. A two-layer, third-order nested architecture is constructed to compensate for internal and external disturbances, facilitating disturbance reconstruction in high-frequency noise environments. Furthermore, a cross-layer mapping and feedforward mechanism is integrated to improve error feedback and reduce steady-state errors. A second-order affine control model is derived, and its mechanism for alleviating bandwidth constraints is theoretically evaluated through frequency domain responses. Simulation results indicate that the proposed strategy improves dynamic tracking and disturbance rejection compared to traditional proportional-integral and linear active disturbance rejection control methods during broadband noise injection and sudden load variations. Additionally, it demonstrates stable transition capabilities and steady-state robustness during vehicle-to-grid charge and discharge mode switching.</p>