Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>The increasing demand for clean and sustainable energy solutions has accelerated the development of alternative propulsion technologies for future transportation systems. Hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H₂ICEs) have attracted significant attention due to their carbon-free combustion characteristics, high energy density, and potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, challenges such as combustion instability, pre-ignition, backfire, and high nitrogen oxide (NOx) formation remain major barriers to achieving high-performance hydrogen engine operation. Therefore, effective optimization of combustion parameters is essential for improving efficiency while maintaining low emission levels. Artificial Intelligence (AI) provides a promising approach for addressing these challenges by enabling accurate prediction and optimization of complex nonlinear engine behaviors. Machine learning algorithms can establish relationships between critical combustion parameters, including hydrogen injection timing, ignition timing, air–fuel ratio, injection pressure, engine speed, and engine load, with performance and emission characteristics. This study presents an AI-based optimization framework for improving hydrogen engine efficiency and reducing emissions by integrating machine learning prediction models with advanced optimization techniques. The proposed framework aims to maximize brake thermal efficiency (BTE), minimize fuel consumption, and reduce NOx emissions by identifying optimal combustion conditions. The results demonstrate that AI-driven approaches can significantly improve prediction accuracy, reduce computational requirements, and provide intelligent solutions for hydrogen engine control. Furthermore, the integration of AI with digital twin technology offers potential for real-time adaptive optimization and next-generation smart engine management systems.This research highlights the significant role of Artificial Intelligence in developing efficient, low-emission, and sustainable hydrogen-powered propulsion systems, contributing toward the global transition to cleaner transportation technologies.</p>