Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) examining how the spectrum of tourism governance models shapes multidimensional livelihood resilience among local communities in Indonesia. Following the PRISMA 2020 protocol, a Scopus database search using TITLE-ABS-KEY (("tourism") AND ("governance" OR "community" OR "private" OR "management") AND ("livelihood" OR "resilience" OR "vulnerability") AND ("Indonesia")) retrieved 254 records. After applying temporal filters and four exclusion criteria, 80 articles published between 2016 and May 2026 were retained (retention rate 31.5%). Articles were classified into four governance spectrums: Pure Community-Based Tourism (Spectrum 1, n = 31, 38.8%), Hybrid Community-Dominant (Spectrum 2, n = 34, 42.5%), Hybrid Private-Dominant (Spectrum 3, n = 10, 12.5%), and Pure Private and Government Enclave (Spectrum 4, n = 5, 6.3%; percentages may not sum to 100% due to rounding). Analysis of four livelihood resilience dimensions, namely economic (E), social (S), spatial rights (T), and ecological (K), reveals that community-centric models dominate the literature (81.3%) while private-dominant and enclave models remain critically under-studied despite their prominence in national Super Priority Destination policy. Spectrum 2 (Hybrid Community-Dominant) produces the most dimensionally comprehensive resilience profile (E = 97%, S = 79%, T = 26%, K = 32%). The spatial rights dimension is the most under-studied component across all spectrums (range: 16% to 80%), representing a critical policy blind spot. Five evidence-based policy recommendations are directed at the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy (Kemenparekraf).</p>