Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p> <italic> <bold>Purpose:</bold> </italic> <italic>The Andean countries with a population of 133 million people are undergoing demographic changes that may affect the way cancer trends behave. Identifying these changes and risk factors is important for the development of programs to prevent or treat them.</italic> <italic> <bold>Methodology:</bold> </italic> <italic>This is a retrospective ecological analysis of population-level data from the Andean countries analyzing data trends from Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma and leukemias. Primary outcomes were age-standardized ratios and mortality to incidence ratio. They were compared with socioeconomic indicators like human development index.</italic> <italic> <bold>Results:</bold> </italic> <italic>In 2022, a total of 18,826 hematologic malignancy cases and 13,253 deaths were reported across the Andean region. NHL was the most common subtype, accounting for 37.82% of cases, while leukemias were the leading cause of death (39.77%). Peru exhibited the highest age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR: 28.7 per 100,000) and mortality rate (ASMR: 16.1), whereas Venezuela had the lowest mortality. Across all countries, males demonstrated higher incidence and mortality rates. Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) varied substantially, with multiple myeloma showing the highest relative mortality burden.</italic> <italic> <bold>Discussion and conclusion:</bold> </italic> <italic>These findings highlight marked regional disparities in hematologic malignancy burden across the Andean countries. Higher incidence in certain settings likely reflects improved diagnostic capacity, while elevated mortality and MIR in others suggest limitations in access to timely diagnosis and effective treatment. The inconsistent relationship between Human Development Index and mortality contrasts with global trends and may be driven by differences in data quality and healthcare infrastructure. Overall, these results underscore the need for strengthened cancer</italic> <italic> <bold/> </italic> <italic>surveillance systems and more equitable access to oncologic care in the region.</italic> </p>