Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>Manually monitoring fluid levels in overhead storage tanks introduces operational inefficiencies, primarily water wastage due to overflow and premature pump failure resulting from dry running. This paper presents the design, mathematical modeling, and implementation of an automated, closed-loop water level control system using an Arduino UNO microcontroller. Utilizing a sensor-driven feedback loop with hysteresis, the system activates a submersible pump when the water level drops below a minimum threshold and terminates operation once maximum capacity is reached. Comprehensive mathematical formulations governing fluid dynamics, hysteresis logic, hydrodynamics, and energy efficiency are established. Experimental results confirm high system reliability, switching latencies under 150 ms, zero overflow, and robust dry-run protection at a low implementation cost.</p>