Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>This review explores advanced strategies for three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction and visualization within the realm of medical imaging, emphasizing their pivotal role in improving diagnostic precision, surgical planning, and medical education. Unlike conventional two-dimensional (2D) modalities such as X-rays and ultrasound which often fall short in delivering sufficient spatial context and typically demand multiple views 3D imaging technologies like computer tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 3D ultrasound offer rich spatial detail and anatomical clarity. These innovations have transformed how clinicians visualize internal structures and perform interventional procedures. Core advancements examined include iterative reconstruction algorithms, deep learning-driven techniques for minimizing noise and correcting artifacts, and hybrid rendering systems that elevate visualization fidelity. Despite these breakthroughs, the field continues to face barriers such as intensive computational demands, persistent image noise, and an absence of universal imaging protocols. To confront these challenges, this study underscores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR), and graphics processing unit (GPU)-enhanced processing. AI significantly bolsters image quality, while AR and virtual reality (VR) enable immersive, interactive experiences that benefit both education and clinical practice. The investigation places particular focus on designing algorithms tailored for real-time processing, optimizing efficiency, and ensuring a balance between image resolution and patient safety, especially in low-radiation scenarios. The outcomes demonstrate notable strides in image sharpness, reconstruction speed, and diagnostic effectiveness. Deep learning methods stand out for their ability to mitigate artifacts, while integrated visualization frameworks improve usability and anatomical insight. These findings highlight the transformative impact of modern 3D imaging on personalized healthcare and clinical innovation. Moving ahead, the study highlights how crucial it is to integrate multimodal imaging with enhanced real-time rendering techniques to facilitate wider adoption in clinical practice.</p>