Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p> Household appliances are a rapidly growing source of material demand, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and electronic waste. Yet, the combined contribution of circular economy strategies and energy-system decarbonization to reducing their environmental footprint remains poorly quantified. Here, we integrate a dynamic appliance stock-turnover model with integrated assessment modelling to evaluate future material flows and life-cycle GHG emissions of household appliances across the European Union EU27, Norway, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom between 2020 and 2050. We find that under current conditions, material demand, energy demand and CO <sub>2</sub> emissions will continue to grow. Circular economy strategies alone can reduce material demand by up to 45%, material outflows by 48%, and provide secondary materials equivalent to 56% of primary material demand, while lowering life-cycle GHG emissions by 24% relative to a reference scenario. Combining circularity with energy efficiency and electricity-system decarbonization increases emission reductions to 93% by 2050. The effectiveness of individual circular strategies differs across appliance types, reflecting variations in stock dynamics, material intensity, and use patterns. Our results show that neither circularity nor energy efficiency measures and clean energy alone is sufficient to achieve deep decarbonization. Instead, substantial climate and resource benefits require integrated policies that combine demand reduction, longer product lifetimes, improved recycling, energy efficiency, and low-carbon electricity systems. </p>