Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>This study assessed groundwater potential and aquifer characteristics in Okuokoko, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria, using the Electrical Resistivity Method through six Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) stations. The survey was conducted within selected locations around Okuokoko community to delineate subsurface geoelectric layers, identify aquifer units, and evaluate aquifer protective capacity. Apparent resistivity data were acquired using the Schlumberger electrode configuration and interpreted through one-dimensional inversion to obtain layer resistivity, thickness, and depth parameters. The results revealed three to four geoelectric layers comprising topsoil, lateritic sand, clayey sand, saturated sand, and consolidated sandy formations. Apparent resistivity values ranged from 29.2 to 11,940.6 Ω·m, reflecting variations in lithology and groundwater saturation conditions across the study area. Dar–Zarrouk parameters indicated transverse resistance values ranging from 6,816.8 to 98,442.6 Ω·m² and longitudinal conductance values of less than 0.1 m/Ω, suggesting predominantly weak overburden protective capacity. Based on the integrated evaluation of aquifer resistivity, thickness, depth, transverse resistance, and protective capacity, groundwater potential was classified as high in VES 1, VES 2, VES 4, and VES 6, and moderate in VES 3 and VES 5. The findings indicate that Okuokoko possesses favourable groundwater conditions in most locations, particularly where moderately resistive and sufficiently thick sandy aquifer units occur. However, the generally low longitudinal conductance values suggest limited natural protection against potential surface-derived contaminants. The study provides valuable hydrogeophysical information for groundwater development, borehole siting, and sustainable water-resource management within the area.</p>