Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>Objective Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a life-threatening condition in premature infants. Clear clinical indicators and surveillance strategies are lacking. Study Design : This single center, retrospective cohort study analyzed all consecutive NICU patients diagnosed with PVS between 2011 to 2024. Result Thirty-three patients were included. 97% had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 94% had pulmonary hypertension, and 79% had a left-to-right shunt. In 94%, echocardiography initially suspected PVS. Respiratory support significantly increased in the 30 days prior to diagnosis (p = 0.017). Both the average (p = 0.04) and maximum (p = 0.03) oxygen requirement significantly increased in the 60 days prior to diagnosis. Overall survival was 70% over a 1.4 year median follow-up. Conclusion Consider PVS in a premature infant with BPD and pulmonary hypertension who has an escalation in ventilatory and oxygen requirements of unknown cause. Echocardiography is a reasonable first line modality to screen for PVS.</p>