Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p> Background and Aims Warming and nitrogen (N) deposition modify functional traits of invasive plants and soil environments, yet mechanisms underlying how their long-term interactions shape invasive plant–edaphic relationships remain poorly understood. Methods We selected <italic>Solidago canadensis</italic> from native and invasive provenances, conducted a 10-year warming and N addition experiment to examine their effects on the leaf traits, stem traits, and rhizosphere edaphic properties. Results Warming significantly increased chlorophyll content and stem diameter (SD) but decreased specific leaf area (SLA); whereas N addition had no significant effects on leaf and stem traits; invasive provenance exhibited higher SLA, plant height (H), SD and stem biomass (SB), but lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and plant density (PD) relative to native provenance. Warming significantly elevated soil nitrate N (NN) but decreased available potassium (AK) and moisture content (MC); N addition significantly altered AK and NN; invasive-associated soils contained more AK and MC, but less NN and soil organic matter (SOM). Soil AK was the dominant driver of plant traits variation under both warming and N addition, positively correlating with H, SD and SB, but negatively correlating with LDMC. Plant provenance regulated the relationship between LDMC and NN. Conclusion Overall, warming, N addition, and provenance mediate plant leaf and stem traits–edaphic properties relationships. Our results indicate that invasive <italic>S. canadensis</italic> display stronger adaptive capacity under climate warming, and highlighted that soil AK and NN as key regulators of leaf and stem traits variation under future climate change. </p>