Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardio-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome share overlapping risk factors but differ in their diagnostic criteria and clinical implications. Objective To compare the prevalence of MetS with CKM syndrome staging in adults. Methods This research utilized secondary data from the project “Investigasi Perubahan Diet dan Aktivitas Akibat Pandemi COVID-19 dan Implikasi Terhadap Status Kesehatan dari Remaja dan Dewasa di Bandung, Indonesia.” The original study was a cross-sectional study that studied MetS and CKM syndrome on 204 adults. MetS was diagnosed according to NCEP ATP III criteria (≥ 3 of 5 risk factors: abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension, and impaired glucose. CKM syndrome was staged based on American Heart Association (AHA) 2023 framework (stages 0–2), incorporating obesity, dysglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR). Results The prevalence of MetS was 34.8%, with abdominal obesity (46.1%), elevated triglycerides (25.5%), low HDL (32.4%), hypertension (60.8%), and diabetes/prediabetes (30.4%) as major contributors. By contrast, the prevalence of CKM stage 2 was markedly higher (94.1%), reflecting the inclusion of early metabolic abnormalities and kidney markers, including microalbuminuria (12.3%) and macroalbuminuria (1.9%). Conclusion CKM syndrome criteria demonstrated higher sensitivity in detecting at-risk adults compared with traditional MetS criteria, especially those with isolated renal abnormalities or early metabolic disturbance. These findings suggest that CKM staging may provide a broader and more clinically relevant framework for risk stratification in Indonesian adults.</p>