Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>In the present manuscript, the influence of thermal radiation on mixed convection magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid over a stretching permeable surface embedded in a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium is investigated. The study incorporates the effects of convective boundary conditions, Joule heating, internal heat generation, and viscous dissipation. The governing equations are formulated using the boundary layer approximation in a Cartesian coordinate system. By employing suitable similarity transformations, the partial differential equations are reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations, which are subsequently solved using the Differential Transform Method (DTM). The effects of key physical parameters on the Nusselt number, skin-friction coefficient, temperature distribution and velocity profile are analyzed through graphical representations. The results reveal that an increase in the mixed convection parameter enhances radiative heat transfer, whereas the opposite trend is observed for the Brinkman number. Furthermore, the radiative heat transfer rate increases with a higher Biot number in the presence of suction, while it decreases under injection conditions.</p>