Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p> This study investigates the influence of nano-additive titanium dioxide (TiO <sub>2</sub> ) in mango seed biodiesel (MSB), butanol (B) and diesel ternary fuel blends on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. TiO <sub>2</sub> nano-additive is mixed in different proportions with ternary blends through ultra-sonication to prepare test samples. Some key findings were highlighted: (i) Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was increased by 21.66%, 17.56%, 13.88%, 11.88% and 6.58% for MSB20B5, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 25ppm, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 50ppm, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 75ppm and MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 100ppm blends, respectively compared to conventional diesel. (ii) Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 100ppm exhibited 1.58% lower than conventional diesel followed by MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 75ppm, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 50ppm, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 25 ppm and MSB20B5, respectively. (iii) NOx emission of MSB20B5, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 25 ppm, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 50ppm, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 5ppm and MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 100ppm exhibited 9.55%, 17.97%, 28.65%, 34.83% and 51.68% higher than conventional diesel; (iv) HC emissions was reduced by 8.69%, 13.93%, 19.39%, 24.84% and 20.09% for MSB20B5, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 25ppm, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 50ppm, MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 75ppm and MSB20B5TiO <sub>2</sub> 100ppm, respectively compared to conventional diesel. </p>