Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>The Mediterranean region faces escalating challenges from climate change, land degradation, and water scarcity, threatening agricultural sustainability and food security. Stress-adapted Neglected and Underutilized Species (NUS) offer promising avenues for agrifood diversification and resilience in these environments. Here, we developed a harmonized geospatial framework integrating over 20 abiotic indicators and CMIP6 climate projections to delineate environmental constraints and agroecological opportunity spaces across the Mediterranean Basin. Our analysis identified 1.83 million km² of accessible marginal lands, predominantly in climatically sensitive transition zones, with modest expansion projected under future climate scenarios. These marginal lands, rather than being abandoned, represent potential areas for developing stress-adapted diversification strategies. This reproducible dataset provides a decision-oriented basis for climate adaptation, land-use planning, and the strategic assessment of NUS deployment, contributing to resilient agrifood transitions under increasing climatic constraints.</p>