Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>This study investigates the technological evolution and sustainability implications of geothermal energy systems within the global energy transition. As the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, challenges system stability, geothermal energy has gained importance due to its ability to provide stable baseload power. Recent advancements indicate a transition toward integrated energy systems, including organic Rankine cycle technologies for low- to medium-temperature resources, shallow geothermal systems for urban applications, CO₂-based geothermal systems for enhanced heat extraction and carbon management, and hybrid renewable energy integration. Using main path analysis combined with bibliometric techniques, this study systematically traces knowledge diffusion and structural evolution in the geothermal research domain. The findings establish a framework linking technological innovation with sustainability performance and provide strategic insights for the evaluation and deployment of geothermal energy systems. Beyond its bibliometric contribution, this study provides engineering insights for geothermal system design, integrated renewable energy planning, and sustainable low-carbon energy transitions.</p>