Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>Purpose Primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) is a rare extranodal malignancy, accounting for approximately one to five percent of thyroid cancers and less than two percent of extranodal lymphomas. It predominantly affects elderly females in the sixth to seventh decades of life and is strongly associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. The most common histological subtype is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The occurrence of PTL in a middle-aged male is uncommon and may pose a diagnostic challenge. Methods A 45-year-old male presented with a thyroid swelling. He underwent clinical and radiological evaluation which was suggestive of a suspicious thyroid lesion. He subsequently underwent total thyroidectomy. Histopathological examination of the surgical specimen revealed features consistent with primary thyroid lymphoma. Results The report was finally confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Postoperative staging investigations showed no evidence of systemic lymphomatous involvement. The present case represents an unusual demographic presentation in a male patient younger than the typical age at presentation. Conclusion PTL should be considered in the differential diagnosis of thyroid masses, even in relatively younger male patients. Histopathological evaluation supplemented by immunohistochemistry is essential for definitive diagnosis. This is important because the management and prognosis differ significantly from other thyroid malignancies.</p>