Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>Against the backdrop of global industrial chain restructuring and frequent risks, enhancing the resilience of industrial chains is regarded as a key pillar for safeguarding national economic security and strengthening the core competitiveness of industries. However, structural imbalances—such as insufficient government regulatory constraints, a lack of willingness among chain-leading enterprises to invest in resilience, and the absence of participation from chain enterprises—persist in the process of building resilience within China’s manufacturing industrial chains. To address the dilemma of multi-stakeholder coordination failure, a three-party evolutionary game model comprising the government, chain-leading enterprises, and other enterprises within the industrial chain is constructed. The stability of strategic choices made by each actor under conditions of bounded rationality, the evolutionary conditions for system equilibrium points, and the mechanisms by which key parameters influence evolutionary trajectories are systematically analysed. Furthermore, numerical simulations were conducted using MATLAB R2024b to validate the findings. The results reveal that the tripartite game system can converge to an ideal stable equilibrium: strong regulation, active investment, and collaborative cooperation. Government penalties, subsidies, and incentives are identified as the core policy tools driving collaboration. The participation costs of the actors are shown to significantly constrain collaborative efficiency, with lower costs leading to faster system convergence. The information transmission coefficient is proven crucial for supply-demand coordination, indicating that digital empowerment can effectively enhance industrial chain resilience. Finally, to prevent the system from falling into an inefficient equilibrium, it is suggested that the government reasonably set policy parameters, strengthen digital infrastructure, control the costs of participation for entities, and quantify the benefits of resilience, thereby promoting the long-term enhancement of industrial chain resilience.</p>