Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>This study investigates the relationships among positive landscape experiences, physical activities, extraversion, and subjective well-being in rural areas of Mid-North Vietnam. Grounded in environmental behavior and restorative landscape theories, the research explores how rural landscapes influence residents’ well-being through behavioral and psychological pathways. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the direct and indirect relationships among the proposed constructs. The findings revealed that positive landscape experiences encourage residents to engage in physical activities within rural environments. Participation in physical activities subsequently strengthens extraverted characteristics, including greater social interaction, openness, and active engagement with the environment. Positive landscape experiences also directly enhance extraversion, suggesting that restorative rural landscapes provide both behavioral and psychosocial benefits. Furthermore, extraversion significantly contributes to subjective well-being, indicating that socially active and outward-oriented individuals tend to experience greater life satisfaction and emotional well-being. The study also confirms that physical activities indirectly improve subjective well-being through the mediating role of extraversion. In addition, positive landscape experiences influence subjective well-being both directly and indirectly through multiple mediation pathways involving physical activities and extraversion. The sequential mediation effect demonstrates that restorative rural landscapes promote active lifestyles, strengthen positive personality traits, and ultimately enhance overall well-being. The findings highlight the importance of restorative rural landscapes in supporting healthy behaviors, fostering psychosocial development, and enhancing residents’ quality of life, providing important implications for sustainable rural landscape planning and environmental design.</p>