Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>Although motorcycle transportation is one of the primary means of transportation and source of livelihood in many urban communities in Nigeria, it poses huge challenges in road safety. The study examined the traffic regulation literacy, the perception of risk and safety practice of motorbike riders in Agbor of the Delta State, Nigeria, based on Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The convergent mixed method was used with 55 motorbike users who were selected using purposive and snowball sampling. Structured questionnaires were used for quantitative data collection and the semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions for qualitative data collection. The data were analyzed and integrated by using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The results showed that most of riders' knowledge on traffic rule and hazards related to road were moderate to high level but most was gained by informal learning process. The participants had a good knowledge of the risk factors such as speeding, lack of road infrastructure, reckless driving and poor enforcement. The traffic regulation literacy had a positive effect on safety behavior, such as helmet wearing, speed, motorcycle checks, and road sign compliance. Economic, passenger demands, infrastructure limitations and enforcement issues, however, often limited compliance. The study concluded that to make motorbikes use safer, sustainable interventions are needed that integrate between rider education, enforcement, infrastructure and context-sensitive policies on road safety.</p>