Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>The present study aims to critically examine recurrent Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks—particularly Bundibugyo ebolavirus—with a focus on epidemiological trends, and gaps in vaccinology and public health preparedness, in order to inform concerted outbreak response and global health security strategies. Historical trends show a gradual decline in overall case fatality rates from approximately 65% in the 1970s to around 50% in recent outbreaks, reflecting improvements in clinical care, surveillance, and response systems and potential vaccine impact with estimated approximately 15% impact in CFR reduction from the ITS analysis. However, substantial disparities remain between high-income and low-resource settings. The current epidemic exposes a critical gap in biomedical preparedness, as no licensed vaccines or targeted therapeutics exist for Bundibugyo ebolavirus, unlike Zaire ebolavirus. Hence, outbreak control continues to rely heavily on non-pharmaceutical interventions, including case detection, isolation, contact tracing, and community engagement. Ongoing transmission is exacerbated by conflict, population displacement, and weak health infrastructure. Strengthening preparedness will require sustained global investment in vaccine development, improved surveillance at human–animal interfaces and coordinated international research and response frameworks.</p>