Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>Background Latent fingermarks have traditionally been used for fingerprint identification; however, advances in forensic genetics have transformed fingermarks into a potential source of DNA evidence. Hence, this systematic review was developed to evaluate the progress of fingermarks as source of forensic DNA between 2000 and 2025 and to synthetize evidence regarding DNA recovery, typing methodologies, factors influencing success, and emerging analytical workflows. Methods A PRISMA guideline was used to obtain eligible literature from Scopus, PubMed, and ScienceDirect published from 2000 onward. Screening conducted based on predefined Population-Exposure-Outcome (PEO) framework, where the Population was fingermarks as a source of DNA, the exposure comprised DNA recovery methods and Influencing Factors, and the outcomes were DNA yield, quality, and STR typing success. Results 3,521 records, of which 78 studies met the inclusion criteria. The final set comprised 39 laboratory experiments, 3 real-case investigations and 1 mixed study. The reviewed studies demonstrated that successful DNA profiling from fingermarks depends on a complex interaction among biological, environmental, and analytical factors. Advances in visualization techniques, including fluorescence-based approaches and Diamond Dye staining, have improved targeted DNA recovery. Extraction efficiency varied according to substrate characteristics and fingerprint enhancement methods, while low-copy number amplification strategies increased profile recovery at the expenses of greater stochastic effects. Donor shedding propensity, deposition pressure, substrate type, and evidence age were identified as major determinants of profiling success. Most contemporary fingerprint enhancement techniques were compatible with downstream DNA analysis, although certain reagents adversely affected DNA recovery. Emerging technologies, including mtDNA analysis, miniSTRs, SNP, and direct-PCR workflows, demonstrated promise for improving the analysis of low-template and degraded fingermarks. Conclusion Successful DNA typing depends on an optimized combination of visualization, extraction chemistry, amplification method and sample condition rather than any single factor. Continued standardization of methodologies, validation under operational conditions, and integration of emerging molecular technologies are essential to maximize the evidential value of fingermark-delivered DNA in forensic investigation.</p>