Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> <p>Given specific microenvironment of bone repair, the bio-functionally decorated implant endowed with self-regulated bone healing procedure was committed to pursuing. Inspired by the microstructure and chemical composition of natural bone, a kind of bionic bone-like bioactive coating, namely micro/nano gradient morphological calcium titanate containing trace ions, was in-situ hydrothermally grown on 3D printed porous titanium alloy scaffold. Surface features of the decorated porous titanium alloy scaffolds, by itself, could modulate microenvironment, and enhance neurovascular bone regeneration and reconstruction via surface topography and sustainably released bioactive ions, as verified by in vitro and in vivo biological evaluation. The underlying immunoregulation mechanism was surface feature-modulated macrophage oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production in energy metabolism, which advocates M2 macrophage phenotypic switch. It provided an insightful foundation for bio-functional decoration of bone repair implants.</p>