Numerical Solution of 2D Advection-Diffusion for River Pollutant Transport using the Finite Element Method

<jats:p>Pollutant dispersion in rivers is governed by advection, diffusion, and the physical characteristics of the channel. This paper models two-dimensional pollutant transport using the advection-diffusion equation and solves it numerically with the Finite Element Method (FEM) under five scenarios: constant flow with a single pollutant source, flow that follows a meandering channel, constant flow with two sources, the presence of a rock obstacle, and an irregular river domain. Simulations are implemented in Mathematica through domain construction, mesh generation, and a Finite Element-based numerical solution. The results show that flow velocity is the primary driver of plume movement, while diffusion smooths concentration gradients. Comparative analysis across the five scenarios demonstrates that obstacle-containing and irregular domains produce the widest plume spreading and the strongest concentration deformation compared to the straight-channel case. Peak concentrations also decrease more rapidly in multi-source and irregular-flow scenarios due to enhanced mixing and plume interaction. Physical obstacles and channel irregularities generate loacal recirculation zones and plume deviation, producing more realistic pollutant transport behavior than simplified channer models. These findings highlight the importance of geometry-aware flow representations for understanding river pollutant transport in numerical modelling studies.</jats:p>