Volatile components in dioptase (Altyn-Tyube, Kazakhstan) and coexisting calcite according to pyrolysis-free gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data, Летучие компоненты в диоптазе Алтын-Тюбе (Казахстан) и сосуществующем кальците по данным беспиролизной газовой хромато-масс-спектрометрии

<jats:p>Relevance. The need to obtain factual data on the composition of volatiles in mineral formation processes in oxidation zones of copper ore deposits. The new data obtained can be used to adjust the holistic model of hypergene secondary ore formation. Aim. To determine the composition of volatile components preserved in structural channels and inclusions in dioptase and in inclusions  of coexisting calcite. Object. Altyn-Tyube deposit (Karaganda region, Kazakhstan). Methods. The forms of occurrence of molecules of volatile components in the silicate framework were determined by the method of Raman spectroscopy. The bulk composition of the fluid was analyzed by the method of non-pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with impact destruction of the sample. Results and conclusions. In the composition of the volatiles extracted from dioptase, 277 individual components were found, and from calcite 269. Based on these data, it was shown that the volatiles in dioptase and the calcite coexisting with it represent a complex multicomponent mineral-forming system. The dominant fluid component in them is water, its content in dioptase is 78.3, and in calcite 55.1 rel. %. Carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, S-, N- and halogen-containing compounds were found in dioptase. The share of carbon dioxide exceeds 13, and hydrocarbons and their derivatives 7 rel. %. The spectrum of detected organic compounds includes oxygen-free aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons (paraffins, olefins, cyclic alkanes (naphthenes) and alkenes, arenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), oxygenated hydrocarbons (alcohols, ethers, furans, dioxins, dioxanes, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids). Sulfonated compounds in the gas mixture from dioptase are represented by oxide (O2S, 0.448 rel. %), sulfides (hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, dimethyl disulfide), thiols (methyl mercaptan), thiophenes and 2-mercapto-2-phenylacetic acid (C8H8O2S). The composition of nitrogenated compounds includes molecular nitrogen (N2, 0.205 rel. %), ammonia, isocyanates (CHNO and C2H3NO), nitriles (C2H3N, C3H5N, C7H5N), amines (C3H5N), 1,4-, 1,3-, 1,2-diazines, pyrrole, amides (C2H5NO-C12H25NO), pyridines (C5H5N-C6H7N), 2-methylpyrazine, pyrazole, 2,5-pyrrolidinedione, caprolactam and 4‑methylaminophenol. Among the volatiles of dioptase and calcite, the same halogenated compound 1-chlorobutane (C4H9Cl) was recorded. It was established that the aqueous solutions that formed the dioptase-calcite mineralization at the Altyn-Tyube deposit had a similar species diversity of gas phases, but with a difference in concentrations between them. For citation: Bulbak T.A., Tomilenko A.A., Zatolokina K.I., Shaparenko E.O. Volatile components in dioptase (Altyn-Tyube, Kazakhstan) and coexisting calcite according to pyrolysis-free gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Assets Engineering, 2026, vol. 337, no. 8, pp. 140–152. DOI: http://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2026/8/5112</jats:p>