Comparative Legal Analysis of Foreign Laws in the Sphere of Control (Supervisory) Activities in Railway Transport

<jats:p>The article provides a comparative legal analysis of foreign legislation in the field of control (supervisory) activities in railway transport. The key models of the organization of supervision in the European Union, the USA, Great Britain and Japan are considered, their institutional and procedural features are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the implementation of a risk‑based approach, digitalization of control procedures and preventive mechanisms. Based on a comparison of foreign practices and the Russian legal framework, promising areas for improving control and supervisory activities in the Russian Federation have been identified, including the development of independent regulation, the introduction of technological monitoring tools and the deepening of international cooperation in the field of standardization of safety requirements.</jats:p>