Transformation of Constitutional Norms as a Form of Development of Their Content: A Comparative Legal Study of the Experience of Foreign Countries and the Russian Federation

<jats:p>This article examines the transformation of constitutional norms as a form of developing their content without changing the text of the constitution. Using case studies from the United States, Canada, India, Germany, Hungary, Croatia, and the Russian Federation, the article explores the judicial, interpretative, legislative, socio-political, and supranational models of such transformation. It is argued that a mixed model, combining legislative specification, the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, and the limits arising from the supremacy of the Constitution and constitutional identity, is most appropriate for Russia.</jats:p>