Leading protons and characteristics of p12C collisions at 9.9 GeV/c

<jats:p>Using a large experimental dataset on collisions of protons with target [Formula: see text]C nuclei at incident proton momentum of 9.9[Formula: see text]GeV/c, we have presented new results on various characteristics of charged and neutral pions, as well as participant protons, depending on the fraction of the incident kinetic energy, [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text], transferred to the target nucleus in events with a leading proton. The experimental results have been systematically compared with the calculated data obtained within the framework of the modified FRITIOF model.</jats:p>