A diagram illustrating layers of computing from physics to application software.The diagram illustrates layers of computing, starting from the bottom with 'Physics' represented by an atomic symbol. Above it is 'Devices' with a transistor symbol. 'Analog Circuits' is shown with an operational amplifier symbol. 'Digital Circuits' features a logic gate symbol. 'Logic' is depicted with a logic block symbol. 'Micro architecture' includes arrows between blocks. 'Architecture' is shown with a grid of blocks. 'Operating Systems' is represented by a laptop icon. At the top, 'Application Software' is depicted with a text box containing 'greater than hello world!'.Extensions: Zb∗ & Zk∗ (Bit Manipulation and Cryptography)