Determine the internal resistance and electromotive force (EMF) of alkaline battery by using Raspberry Pi Pico

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>This paper presents the findings from utilizing the Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller in an educational context to measure the internal resistance and electromotive force (EMF) of both old and new alkaline batteries. The experiment aimed to bridge theoretical concepts with practical applications and was conducted with graduating physics teacher students. Current and voltage were measured with high precision, and the data were processed using Microsoft Excel. Additionally, measurement uncertainty and errors were calculated. Through the analysis of the experimental results, students used the measured current–voltage relationship to determine the internal resistance and EMF by linear regression while developing practical skills in data analysis, uncertainty evaluation, and interpretation of experimental results.</jats:p>